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North Pacific Index timeseries North Pacific (NP) Index by Trenberth and Hurrell; monthly and winter

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The North Pacific Index (NP index or NPI) is the area-weighted sea level pressure over the region 30°N-65°N, 160°E-140°W. The NP index is defined to measure interannual to decadal variations in the atmospheric circulation. The dominant atmosphere-ocean relation in the…

Main variables and Earth System components

Atmosphere Sea Level Pressure
Last updated 9 hours 15 minutes ago
timeseries of signal and noise in the SOI Southern Oscillation Indices: Signal, Noise and Tahiti/Darwin SLP (SOI)

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The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is a time series used to characterize the large scale sea level pressure (SLP) patterns in the tropical Pacific. Monthly mean SLP at Tahiti [T] and Darwin [D] are used. An optimal SOI can be constructed. It consists of  [T-D] which…

Main variables and Earth System components

Atmosphere Sea Level Pressure
Last updated 9 hours 32 minutes ago
The NAM (or Arctic Oscillation) is defined as the first EOF of NH (20°-90°N) winter SLP data. It explains 23% of the extended winter mean (December-March) variance, and it is clearly dominated by the NAO structure in the Atlantic sector. Hurrell wintertime SLP-based Northern Annular Mode (NAM) Index

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The NAM (or Arctic Oscillation) is defined as the first EOF of NH (20°-90°N) winter SLP data. It explains 23% of the extended winter mean (December-March) variance, and it is clearly dominated by the NAO structure in the Atlantic sector. Although there are some subtle…

Main variables and Earth System components

Atmosphere Sea Level Pressure
Last updated 11 hours 3 minutes ago
NAO PC-based Index (DJFM) Hurrell North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Index (PC-based)

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The principal component (PC)-based indices of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) are the time series of the leading Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) of SLP anomalies over the Atlantic sector, 20°-80°N, 90°W-40°E. These indices are used to measure the NAO…

Main variables and Earth System components

Atmosphere Sea Level Pressure
Last updated 1 day 6 hours ago
SST Data Sets: Overview & Comparison Table SST Data Sets: Overview & Comparison Table

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Sea surface temperature (SST) data sets are an essential resource for monitoring and understanding climate variability and long-term trends. By surface area, SSTs are the dominant (~71%) input into merged global land-ocean surface temperature data products. Historically,…

Main variables and Earth System components

Ocean SST - sea surface temperature

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Last updated 3 days 12 hours ago
HadEX2: Gridded Temperature and Precipitation Climate Extremes Indices (CLIMDEX data) HadEX2: Gridded Temperature and Precipitation Climate Extremes Indices (CLIMDEX data)

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Note: HadEX2 has been superseded by HadEX3. HadEX2 provides gridded, station-based indices of temperature- and precipitation- related climate extremes. It is intended for detection and attribution studies and climate model evaluation. Twenty-nine indices, including daily…

Main variables and Earth System components

Atmosphere Maximum Air Temperature Minimum Air Temperature Land Freeze/Thaw

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Last updated 3 days 12 hours ago
Global Temperature Data Sets: Overview & Comparison Table Global Temperature Data Sets: Overview & Comparison Table

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Global surface temperature data sets are an essential resource for monitoring and understanding climate variability and long-term trends. The most commonly used data sets combine historical observations of near surface air temperatures at land stations with global data…

Main variables and Earth System components

Atmosphere Air Temperature Air Temperature at 2m Ocean SST - sea surface temperature

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Last updated 3 days 12 hours ago
Sea Ice Concentration data: Overview, Comparison table and graphs Sea Ice Concentration data: Overview, Comparison table and graphs

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Sea ice concentration is both an indicator and driver of changes high-latitude climate with strong societal and ecological importance. It is a key boundary condition for atmospheric models (including those used in atmospheric reanalyses) and a benchmark for coupled climate…

Main variables and Earth System components

Cryosphere Sea Ice Concentration Ocean

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Last updated 3 days 12 hours ago
COSP: Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project (CFMIP) Observation Simulator Package COSP: Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project (CFMIP) Observation Simulator Package

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Cloud processes and feedbacks are recognized as the largest uncertainty in climate model projections. Progress in understanding the roles of clouds in the response of the Earth to changes in external forcing (GHG, aerosoles, etc.) has in part been hampered by the lack of a…

Main variables and Earth System components

Atmosphere Cloud Properties
Last updated 3 days 12 hours ago
GHCNDEX: Gridded Temperature and Precipitation Climate Extremes Indices (CLIMDEX data) GHCNDEX: Gridded Temperature and Precipitation Climate Extremes Indices (CLIMDEX data)

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GHCNDEX provides gridded, station-based indices of temperature- and precipitation- related climate extremes. It is intended for detection and attribution studies, climate model evaluation, and operational monitoring of extreme climatic events. Twenty-six indices, including…

Main variables and Earth System components

Atmosphere Maximum Air Temperature Minimum Air Temperature Land Freeze/Thaw

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Last updated 3 days 12 hours ago